189. United Nations Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General on the Rule of Law and Transitional Justice in Conflict and Post-conflict States (UN Doc S/2004/616), 2004. Hereafter: UN Sec-Gen, Secretary-General’s Report, 2004.

 

190. Procedural transparency means that the public can easily see the process by which a law is drafted, including what body is drafting new laws and any process by which the public can make comments on proposed laws.

 

191. United Kingdom Stabilisation Unit, Stabilisation Issues Notes: Rule of Law and Stabilisation. 2008. Hereafter: UK Stabilisation Unit, Rule of Law and Stabilisation, 2006.

 

192. United Nations Secretary-General, In Larger Freedom: Towards Development, Security and Human Rights for All (UN Doc A/59/2005), 2005.

 

193. United Kingdom Justice Assistance Network, Principles of Engagement, 2005. Hereafter: UK JAN, Principles of Engagement. 2005.

 

194. Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development, Development Assistance Committee, Handbook on Security Sector Reform (Paris, France: OECD Publishing, 2007). Hereafter: OECD DAC, SSR Handbook, 2007.

 

195. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Criminal Justice Assessment Toolkit, 2006. United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Rule-of-Law Tools for Post-Conflict States: Mapping the Justice Sector, 2006. Hereafter: UNHCHR, Rule of Law Tools: Mapping the Justice Sector, 2006.

 

196. See United Nations Development Programme, Access to Justice Practice Note, 2004. Hereafter: UNDP, Access to Justice, 2004.

 

197. This means that human rights principles (e.g., universality, nondiscrimination, equality) should guide activities, and activities should enhance the ability of “duty bearers” to meet their obligations and the ability of “rights bearers” (i.e., the population) to claim their rights. (United Nations Secretary-General, Guidance Note of the Secretary-General: UN Approach to Rule of Law Assistance, 2008. Hereafter: UN Sec-Gen, UN Approach to Rule of Law Assistance, 2008).

 

198. UN Sec-Gen, “UN Approach to Rule of Law Assistance,” 2008. United Nations Development Group, The Human Rights Based Approach to Development Cooperation: Towards a Common Understanding Among UN Agencies, 2003.

 

199. United States Agency for International Development, Guide to Rule of Law Country Analysis: The Rule of Law Strategic Framework, 2008. Hereafter: USAID, Guide to ROL, 2008.

 

200. UN Sec-Gen, “Secretary-General’s Report,” 2004.

 

201. UN Sec-Gen, “UN Approach to Rule of Law Assistance,” 2008.

 

202. UK JAN, “Principles of Engagement,” 2005.

 

203. This includes the constitution, legal codes, acts, decrees, binding regulations, bylaws, standard operating procedures, case law, peace agreements, Status of Forces Agreements, and Security Council resolutions.

 

204. UN Sec-Gen, “Secretary-General’s Report,” 2004.

 

205. Ibid.

 

206. Ibid.

 

207. Hereafter: Dobbins/Jones/Crane/Cole DeGrasse, Beginner’s Guide, 2007.

208. Mark Baskin, Lessons Learned on UNMIK Judiciary (Ottawa: Government of Canada, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, 2001).

 

209. United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Primer for Justice Components, 2006. Hereafter: UNDPKO, Primer for Justice Components, 2006. UNHCHR, “Rule of Law Tools: Mapping the Justice Sector,” 2006. Dobbins/Jones/Crane/Cole DeGrasse, Beginner’s Guide, 2007. UNDP/USAID, “First Steps,” 2007.

 

210. Kirsti Samuels, Rule of Law Reform in Post-conflict Countries: Operational Initiatives and Lessons Learnt, (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2006). Hereafter: Samuels, Rule of Law Reform, 2006. UNHCHR, “Rule-of-Law Tools: Mapping the Justice Sector,” 2006. Agnes Hurwitz and Kaysie Studdard, Rule of Law Programs in Peace Operations (New York: International Peace Academy, 2005). Hereafter: Hurwitz/Studdard, Rule of Law Programs, 2005.

 

211. David Berkowitz, Katharina Pistor, and Jean-Francois Richard, The Transplant Effect (Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University, Center for International Development, 2000).

 

212. See United Nations Committee on Human Rights, International Standards of Elections: !e Right to Participate in Public Affairs, Voting Rights and the Right of Equal Access to Public Service, 1996.

 

213. Inter-American Development Bank, Resource Book on Participation, www.iadb.org/aboutus/VI/resource_book/table_of_contents.cfm?language=english (accessed July 8, 2009).

 

214. Lani Blackman, “Products of Law Reform Agencies,” in The Promise of Law Reform (Sydney: The Federation Press, 2005).

 

215. Ibid.

 

216. UN Sec-Gen, “Secretary-General’s Report,” 2004.

 

217. SIGMA (A Joint Initiative of the OECD and the European Union), Improving Policy Instruments Through Impact Assessment, Sigma Paper no. 31, 2001.

 

 

219. Vivienne O’Connor and Colette Rausch, eds., Model Codes for Post-Conflict Criminal Justice: Model Criminal Code (Volume I) (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 2007). Hereafter: O’Connor/Rausch, Model Codes: Volume I, 2007. Vivienne O’Connor & Colette Rausch, eds., Model Codes for Post-Conflict Criminal Justice: Model Code of Criminal Procedure (Volume II) (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 2008). Hereafter: O’Connor/Rausch, Model Codes: Volume II, 2008. See also, United Nations Office of the High Commisioner for Human Rights and the International Bar Association, Human Rights in the

Administration of Justice: A Manual on Human Rights for Judges, Prosecutors and Lawyers, 2002.

 

220. International Monetary Fund Legal Department, Plain English Tax Law Drafting, 2008.

 

221. UN Sec-Gen, “Secretary-General’s Report,” 2004.

 

222. In the realm of criminal justice, there are certain tools that may also assist in this process. See O’Connor/Rausch, Model Codes: Volume I, 2007 and Model Codes: Volume II, 2008.

 

223. USAID, “Guide to ROL,” 2008.

 

224. Alan Watson, Legal Transplants: An Approach to Comparative Law (2nd ed.) (Athens, Ga.: The University of Georgia Press, 1993).

 

225. USAID, “Guide to ROL,” 2008.

 

226. Colette Rausch, ed., Combating Serious Crimes in Post-Conflict Societies: A Handbook for Policymakers and Practitioners (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 2006). Hereafter: Rausch, Combating Serious Crimes, 2006.

 

227. Rausch, Combating Serious Crimes, 2006.

 

228. Hurwitz/Studdard (IPA), “Rule of Law Programs,” 2005.

 

229. Seth G. Jones, Jeremy M. Wilson, Andrew Rathmell, K. Jack Riley, Establishing Law and Order After Conflict (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, 2005).

 

 

231. Dobbins/Jones/Crane/Cole DeGrasse, Beginner’s Guide, 2007.

 

232. Ibid.

 

233. Oakley/Dziedzic/Goldberg, Policing the New World Disorder, 2002.

 

234. Ibid.

 

235. Dobbins/Jones/Crane/Cole DeGrasse, Beginner’s Guide, 2007.

 

236. UK FCO, Police Personnel, 2007.

 

237. Etannibe E.O. Alemika and Innocent C. Chukwuma, The Poor and Informal Policing in Nigeria: A Report on the Poor’s Perceptions and Priorities on Safety, Security and Policing in Access to Justice Focal States in Nigeria (Lagos: Center for Law Enforcement Education, 2004).

 

238. See United Nations, Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials, 1990.

 

239. United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Handbook on United Nations Multidimensional Peacekeeping Operations, 2003. Hereafter: UNDPKO, “Handbook on UN Peacekeeping Operations,” 2003.

 

240. David H. Bayley, Changing the Guard: Developing Democratic Police Abroad (Oxford: University Press Oxford, 2006). Hereafter: Bayley, “Changing the Guard,” 2006.

 

241. For the purposes of this manual, the judiciary refers to courts, including judges, court administrative staff (court administrators, court clerks), other staff under the court’s control (bailiffs, court guards), and prosecutors (depending on the local context). (USAID. “Guide to ROL,” 2008.)

 

242. United States Army, Field Manual 3-07: Stability Operations (Washington, D.C.: Department of the U.S. Army, 2008). Hereafter: U.S. Army, FM 3-07, 2008.

 

243. Rausch, Combating Serious Crimes, 2006.

 

244. UK FCO, “Police Personnel,” 2007.

 

245. USAID, “Guide to ROL,” 2008.

 

246. UNDPKO, “Primer for Justice Components,” 2006.

 

247. For a discussion on witness protection, see Articles 147–62, “Model Code of Criminal Procedure” in O’Connor/Rausch, Model Codes: Volume II, 2008. See also Rausch, Serious Crimes Handbook, 2006.

 

248. For a discussion on the support of victims of trafficking, see United Nations, Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 2000.

 

249. See United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Declaration of Basic Principles of

Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, 1985.

 

250. Ibid.

 

251. For the purposes of this discussion, prisons refer to facilities used to house convicted individuals. Detention refers to any deprivation of personal liberty other than the result of a conviction.

 

252. United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Prison Support Guidance Manual, 2006. Hereafter: UNDPKO, Prison Guidance, 2006.

 

253. Ibid.

 

254. United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Human Rights and Law Enforcement: A Manual on Human Rights Training for the Police, http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/2/training.htm (accessed June 18, 2009).

 

255. International Network to Promote the Rule of Law, “Prison Security in Societies Emerging from Conflict,” Consolidated Response (07-007), 2007.

 

256. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and United States Institute of Peace, “DRAFT: Handbook on Criminal Justice Reform,” 2009.

 

257. For a discussion of the right to the presumption of liberty, see “Model Codes of Criminal Procedure,” Article 169, in O’Connor/Rausch, Model Codes: Volume II, 2008.

 

258. For a discussion on alternatives to detention, see “Model Codes of Criminal Procedure,” Article 184, in O’Connor/Rausch, Model Codes: Volume II, 2008.

 

259. Ibid.

 

260. Ibid. See Penal Reform International, Making Standards Work: An International Handbook on Good Prison Practice, 2001, for an authoritative commentary on the application of international standards to prisons.

 

 

262. United Nations, “Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment,” Article 15, 1987.

 

263. United Kingdom Department for International Development, Briefing, “Justice and Accountability,” 2008.

 

264. Ibid.

 

265. Judy Barsalou and Victoria Baxter, The Urge to Remember (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Institute of Peace, 2007).

 

266. UN Sec-Gen, “Secretary-General’s Report,” 2004.

 

267. United States Agency for International Development, Office of Transition Initiatives, Guide to Program Options in Conflict-Prone Settings, 2001.

 

 

269. For further reference on customary approaches, see United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Handbook on Restorative Justice Programs, 2006.

 

270. IPA, “Securing the Rule of Law,” 2005.

 

271. See United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Rule-of-Law Tools for Post-Conflict States: Reparations Programs, 2008.

 

272. Jens Meierhenrich, “The Ethics of Lustration,” Ethics and International Affairs, no. 1, 2006.

 

273. United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Rule-of-Law Tools for Post-Conflict States: Vetting, 2006.

 

274. OECD DAC, SSR Handbook, 2007.

 

275. See United Nations Committee on Human Rights, Equality Before the Courts and the Right to a Fair and Public Hearing by an Independent Court Established by Law, 1984.

 

276. UNDPKO, “Primer for Justice Components,” 2006. United Nations, Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary, Principle 11, 1985.

 

277. United Nations, Procedures for the Effective Implementation of the Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary, Procedure 5, 1989.

 

278. UNDPKO, “Primer for Justice Components,” 2006.

 

279. See United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Principles Relating to the Status of National Institutions, 1993.

 

280. OECD DAC, SSR Handbook, 2007.

 

281. Ibid.

 

282. UNDPKO, “Primer for Justice Components,” 2006.

 

283. UNDP, “Access to Justice,” 2004.

 

284. A grievance is defined as a gross injury or loss that constitutes a violation of a country’s criminal or civil law or international human rights norms and standards. Ibid.

 

285. United Nations Development Programme, Programming for Justice: Access for All: A Practitioner’s Guide to Human Rights-Based Approach to Access to Justice (Bangkok: UNDP, 2005). Hereafter: UNDP, Programming for Justice, 2005.

 

286. UNDP, “Access to Justice,” 2004.

 

287. United States Agency for International Development, Rebuilding the Rule of Law in Post-Conflict Environments, 2006. Hereafter: USAID, Rebuilding the ROL, 2006.

 

288. The formal justice system includes courts, prosecution, police, prisons, and public defense. Ibid.

 

289. The informal system includes modern processes, (e.g., noncourt mediation and arbitration) and customary justice (e.g., tribal councils, village elder councils, or other local dispute resolution approaches). USAID, “Rebuilding the ROL,” 2006.

 

290. United Kingdom Department for International Development, “Safety, Security, and Accessible Justice,” 2002.

 

291. UNDPKO, “Primer for Justice Components,” 2006.

 

292. Dobbins/Jones/Crane/Cole DeGrasse, Beginner’s Guide, 2007.

 

293. UNDP, “Programming for Justice,” 2005.

 

294. Ibid.

 

295. UNDP, “Access to Justice,” 2004.

 

296. USAID, “Rebuilding the ROL,” 2006. 

297. USAID, “Guide to ROL,” 2008.

 

298. Eric Scheye, Pragmatic Realism in Justice and Security Development: Supporting Improvement in the Performance of Non-State/Local Justice and Security Networks (3e Hague: Clingendael Institute, 2009).

 

299. UNDP/USAID, “First Steps,” 2007.

 

300. UN Sec-Gen, “UN Approach to Rule of Law Assistance,” 2008.

 

301. United Nations, “Law Overruled: Strengthening the Rule of Law in Postconflict States,” 2008.

 

302. USAID, “Guide to ROL,” 2008. Dobbins/Jones/Crane/Cole DeGrasse, Beginner’s Guide, 2007.

 

303. United Kingdom Stabilisation Unit, “ROL and Stablisation,” 2008.

 

304. UK PSO Guide.

 

305. Ibid.

 

306. Ibid.

 

307. UNDP, “Programming for Justice,” 2005.

 

308. Arbitration involves “a simplified version of a trial involving less strict rules of evidence.” Decisions are binding and this form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) “is often used to resolve commercial or business disputes.” (UNDP, “Access to Justice,” 2004).

 

309. Mediation/conciliation involves a third-party intervention (the mediator or a panel of mediators) in which the disputing parties meet and negotiate face-to-face and where the mediator may advise on, or determine the process of, mediation (UNDP, “Access to Justice,” 2004).

 

310. UNDP, “Programming for Justice,” 2005.

 

311. United Kingdom Department for International Development, Non-State Justice and Security Systems, 2004.

 

312. Ibid.

 

313. UNODC/USIP, “DRAFT: Handbook on Criminal Justice Reform,” 2009.

 

314. Ibid.

 

315. Ibid.

 

316. UNDP, “Programming for Justice,” 2005.

 

317. Rachel Belton, Competing Definitions of the Rule of Law: Implications for Practitioners (Washington, D.C.:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005).

 

318. USAID, “Guide to ROL,” 2008.

 

319. Ibid.

320. Ibid.

 

321. Ibid.

 

322. USAID, “Guide to ROL,” 2008.

 

323. UNDPKO, “Primer for Justice Components,” 2006.

 

324. Ibid.

 

325. Roy Godson, “A Guide to Developing a Culture of Lawfulness,” presented at the Symposium on the Role of Civil Society in Countering Organized Crime: Global Implications of the Palermo, Sicily Renaissance, 2000. Hereafter: Godson, “Culture of Lawfulness,” 2000.

 

326. Ibid.

 

327. Stephen Golub, Beyond Rule of Law Orthodoxy: Legal Empowerment Initiative (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2003).

 

328. United Nations Commission on the Legal Empowerment of the Poor, Concept to Action, 2006.

 

329. See Deepa Narayan, Robert Chambers, Meera K. Shah, Patti Petesch, Voices of the Poor: Crying Out for Change (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000). Hereafter: Narayan/Chambers/Shah/Petesch, Voices of the Poor, 2000.

 

330. Ibid.

 

331. Godson, “Culture of Lawfulness,” 2000.

 

332. Thomas Carothers, “The Problem of Knowledge,” in Promoting the Rule of Law Abroad (Washington, D.C.:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2006).

 

333. Godson, “Culture of Lawfulness,” 2000.

 

334. Ibid.

 

335. Ibid.

 

336. Ibid.

 

337. See in general, http://www.cultureoflawfulness.org/.

 

338. UN Sec-Gen, “Secretary-General’s Report,” 2004.

 

339. UK Stabilisation Unit, “Rule of Law and Stabilisation,” 2006.

 

340. Samuels (WB), “Rule of Law Reform,” 2006.

 

341. Ibid.

 

342. Scott Leckie, ed., Housing Land and Property Rights in Post-Conflict United Nations and Other Peace Operations: A Comparative Survey and Proposal for Reform (London, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008).

 

343. Per Berling, Lars Bejstam, Jenny Ederlöv, Erik Wennerström, and Richard Zajac Sannerholm, Rule of Law in Public Administration: Problems and Ways Ahead in Peace Building and Development (Sweden: Folke Bernadotte Academy, 2008).

 

344. See for example, the International Network to Promote the Rule of Law (www.inprol.org).

 

345. For a primer on ensuring access to justice for women, see United Nations Development Programme, Gender Equality and Justice Programming: Equitable Access to Justice for Women, 2007.