Social Well-Being
621. UNDP/USAID, First Steps, 2007.
622. Dobbins, Jones, Crane, Cole DeGrasse, The Beginner’s Guide, 2007). United Kingdom Stabilisation Unit, “Helping Countries Recover,” 2008.
623. Sphere Project, Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response, 2004. Hereafter: Sphere, Humanitarian Charter, 2004.
625. Sphere, Humanitarian Charter, 2004.
626. Ibid.
627. Center for Stabilization and Reconstruction Studies, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs, and International Medical Corps, Healing the Wounds: Rebuilding Healthcare Systems in Post-Conflict Environments,
2007. Hereafter: CSRS/ASDHA/IMC, Healing the Wounds, 2007.
628. CSRS/ASDHA/IMC, Healing the Wounds, 2007.
629. Sphere, Humanitarian Charter, 2004.
630. For further discussion, see Mary B. Anderson, Do No Harm: How Aid Can Support Peace—or War (Boulder,
Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., 1999). Hereafter: Anderson, Do No Harm, 1999.
631. United States Agency for International Development, Fragile States Strategy, 2005.
632. UNDP/USAID, “First Steps,” 2007.
633. Ibid. CSRS/ASDHA/IMC, “Healing the Wounds,” 2007.
634. United Nations Secretary-General, Transition from Relief to Development: Key Issues Related to Humanitarian
and Recovery/Transition Programmes, 2006.
635. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Mind the Gap! UNHCR, Humanitarian Assistance and
the Development Process, 2001.
636. UNDP/USAID, “First Steps,” 2007.
637. Sphere, “Humanitarian Charter,” 2004.
638. United Nations World Food Summit, Rome Declaration on World Food Security and World Food Summit Plan
of Action, 1996.
639. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Handbook for Emergencies, 2000. Hereafter: UNHCR,
Handbook for Emergencies, 2000. Sphere, “Humanitarian Charter,” 2004.
640. Sphere, “Humanitarian Charter,” 2004.
641. United States Agency for International Development, Field Operations Guide for Disaster Assessment and
Response—Version 3.0, 1998. Hereafter: USAID, FOG, 1998.
642. Sphere, “Humanitarian Charter,” 2004. USAID, “FOG,” 1998.
643. USAID, “FOG,” 1998.
644. Sphere, “Humanitarian Charter,” 2004.
645. Ibid. USAID, “FOG,” 1998.
646. Sphere, “Humanitarian Charter,” 2004. USAID, “FOG,” 1998.
647. Sphere, “Humanitarian Charter,” 2004.
648. United Nations World Food Programme, Emergency Food Security Assessment Handbook, 2005. USAID,
FOG, 1998.
649. Sphere, “Humanitarian Charter,” 2004.
650. Ibid.
651. Ibid.
652. Ibid.
653. Oxfam, Transitional Settlement—Displaced Populations, 2005.
654. Daniel Fitzpatrick, Land Policy in Post-conflict Circumstances: Some Lessons from East Timor (Geneva: United
Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2002). Hereafter: Fitzpatrick, Land Policy, 2002.
655. Oxfam, Transitional Settlement—Displaced Populations, 2005.
656. Ibid. UNHCR, “Handbook for Emergencies,” 2000.
657. USAID, FOG, 1998.
658. Ibid.
659. Sphere, “Humanitarian Charter,” 2004.
660. Ibid.
661. Ibid.
662. UNDP/USAID, “First Steps,” 2007.
663. Inter-Agency Standing Committee, Guidelines for HIV/AIDS Interventions in Emergency Settings, 2003. Hereafter: IASC, Guidelines for HIV/AIDS, 2003.
664. Sphere, “Humanitarian Charter,” 2004.
665 UNDP/USAID, “First Steps,” 2007. World Food Programme and World Bank (High-Level Forum on the Health Millennium Development Goals), “Health Service Delivery in Post-Conflict States,” 2005. Hereafter: WFP/WB, “Health Service Delivery,” 2005.
666. Sphere, “Humanitarian Charter,” 2004.
667. WFP/WB, “Health Service Delivery,” 2005.
668. Ibid.
669. Sphere, “Humanitarian Charter,” 2004.
670. IASC, “Guidelines for HIV/AIDS,” 2003.
671. Ibid.
672. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Reducing HIV Stigma and Discrimination: A Critical Part of National AIDS Programmes, 2007. Hereafter: UNAIDS, Reducing HIV Stigma and Discrimination, 2007.
673. Timothy Docking, AIDS and Violent Conflict in Africa (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Institute of Peace, 2001). Hereafter: Docking, “AIDS and Violent Conflict,” 2001.
674. IASC, “Guidelines for HIV/AIDS,” 2003.
675. USAID, “FOG,” 1998.
676. UNAIDS, “Reducing HIV Stigma and Discrimination,” 2007.
677. Docking, “AIDS and Violent Conflict,” 2001. Sphere, “Humanitarian Charter,” 2004.
678. Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies (INEE), Minimum Standards for Education in Emergencies,
Chronic Crises and Early Reconstruction, 2004. Hereafter: INEE, “Minimum Standards for Education,” 2004.
679. Yolande Miller-Grandvaux, “DRAFT Context Paper: What is the role of education as it relates to reducing fragility?” (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development, 2009). Hereafter: Miller-Grandvaux, “DRAFT Context Paper,” 2009.
680. Miller-Grandvaux, “DRAFT Context Paper,” 2009.
681. United Kingdom Department for International Development, Education, Conflict, and International Development,
2003. Hereafter: UK DfID, Education, Conflict and International Development, 2003.
682. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Education in Situations of Emergency, Crisis and Reconstruction: UNESCO Strategy Working Paper, 2003. Hereafter: UNESCO, Education in Situations of Emergency, 2003.
683. USAID, “DRAFT Context Paper,” 2009.
684. Margaret Sinclair, Planning Education in and After Emergencies (Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2002). Hereafter: Sinclair, Planning Education in and After Emergencies, 2002.
685. World Bank, Reshaping the Future: Education and Post-Conflict Reconstruction, 2005. Hereafter: WB, Reshaping the Future, 2005.
686. Sinclair, Planning Education in and After Emergencies, 2002.
687. INEE, “Minimum Standards for Education,” 2004.
688. UK DfID, “Education, Conflict and International Development,” 2003.
689. Ibid.
690. Miller-Grandvaux, “DRAFT Context Paper,” 2009.
691. UK DfID, “Education, Conflict and International Development,” 2003.
692. Sinclair, “Planning Education in and After Emergencies,” 2002.
693. Robert C. Orr, Winning the Peace: An American Strategy for Post-Conflict Reconstruction (Washington, D.C.:
Center for Strategic & International Studies, 2004). UK DfID, “Education, Conflict and International Development,” 2003.
694. WB, “Reshaping the Future,” 2005.
695. Miller-Grandvaux, “DRAFT Context Paper,” 2009. Sinclair, “Planning Education In and After Emergencies,” 2002.
696. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Education in Fragile States, 2006.
697. UK DfID, “Education, Conflict and International Development,” 2003.
698. Ibid.
699. Miller-Grandvaux, “DRAFT Context Paper,” 2009.
700. Ibid.
701. UK DfID, “Education, Conflict and International Development,” 2003.
702. Sinclair, “Planning Education In and After Emergencies,” 2002.
703. Miller-Grandvaux, “DRAFT Context Paper,” 2009.
704. UK DfID, “Education, Conflict and International Development,” 2003.
705. INEE, “Minimum Standards for Education,” 2004.
706. Save the Children UK defines emergency education as “a set of linked project activities that enable structured
learning to continue in times of acute crisis or long-term instability.” (UK DfID, “Education, Conflict and International Development,” 2003.)
707. UK DfID, “Education, Conflict and International Development,” 2003.
708. Miller-Grandvaux, “DRAFT Context Paper,” 2009.
709. WB, “Reshaping the Future,” 2005.
710. Miller-Grandvaux, “DRAFT Context Paper,” 2009.
711. Sinclair, “Planning Education In and After Emergencies,” 2002.
712. Ibid.
713. INEE, “Minimum Standards for Education,” 2004. UK DfID, “Education, Conflict, and International Development,” 2003. Miller-Grandvaux, “DRAFT Context Paper,” 2009.
714. INEE, “Minimum Standards for Education,” 2004.
715. Sinclair, “Planning Education In and After Emergencies,” 2002.
716. INEE, “Minimum Standards for Education,” 2004.
717. Sinclair, “Planning Education In and After Emergencies,” 2002.
718. Elizabeth A. Cole and Judy Barsalou, Unite or Divide? !e Challenges of Teaching History in Societies Emerging
from Violent Conflict (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Institute of Peace, 2006). UK DfID, “Education, Conflict and International Development,” 2003.
719. Sinclair, “Planning Education In and After Emergencies,” 2002.
720. UK DfID, “Education, Conflict and International Development,” 2003. OECD, “Education in Fragile States,” 2006.
721. Sinclair, “Planning Education In and After Emergencies,” 2002.
722. UK DfID, “Education, Conflict and International Development,” 2003.
723. Ibid. OECD, “Education in Fragile States,” 2006.
724. INEE, “Minimum Standards for Education,” 2004.
725. In the context of this chapter, refugees are defined as individuals who are outside the country of their nationality
due to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, or membership of a social group or political opinion. This definition is derived from the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. IDPs are defined as “persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border.” This definition is derived from the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, “Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement,” 2004.
726. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Framework for Durable Solutions for Refugees and Persons of Concern, 2003. Hereafter: UNHCR, Framework for Durable Solutions, 2003.
727. Sarah Petrin, Refugee Return and State Reconstruction: A Comparative Analysis (Geneva: United Nations
High Commissioner for Refugees, 2002). Hereafter: Petrin, Refugee Return, 2002.
728. Walter Kalin, Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons: An Essential Dimension of Peacebuilding (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2008). Hereafter: Kalin, Durable Solutions for IDPs, 2008.
729. An integrated approach for the return of refugees known as the “4R’s” (repatriation, reintegration, rehabilitation,
and reconstruction) has been proposed by the word’s leading agency, the UN High Commissioner for Refugees. The approach aims to ensure linkages between the four processes by bringing together humanitarian and development actors and funds to ensure durable solutions for those who have returned, poverty reduction, and the creation of good local governance. This requires dedicating greater resources to creating a conducive environment inside the countries of origin in order to facilitate sustainable repatriation and prevent further displacement of the population. For more, see UNHCR, “Framework for Durable Solutions,” 2003.
730. Petrin, “Refugee Return,” 2002.
731. UNHCR, “Framework for Durable Solutions,” 2003.
732. Kalin, Durable Solutions for IDPs, 2008.
733. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, 1998. http://
www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/7/b/principles.htm, accessed June 22, 2009. International Peace Academy,
Housing, Land, Property and Conflict Management: Identifying Policy Options for Rule of Law Programming,
2005. Hereafter: IPA, Housing, Land, Property and Conflict Management, 2005.
734. Brookings Institution and University of Bern, Addressing Internal Displacement in Peace Processes. Peace
Agreements and Peace-Building, 2007. Hereafter: Brookings/Bern, Addressing Internal Displacement, 2007.
735. UNHCR, “Framework for Durable Solutions,” 2003.
736. Kalin, “Durable Solutions for IDPs,” 2008.
737. Ibid.
738. Barry N. Stein, “Refugee Repatriation, Return, and Refoulement During Conflict,” presented at the United States Agency for International Development Conference Promoting Democracy, Human Rights, and Reintegration in Post-conflict Societies (October 30–31, 1997). Hereafter: Stein, “Refugee Repatriation,” 1997.
739. Brookings/Bern, “Addressing Internal Displacement,” 2007.
740. IPA, “Housing, Land, Property and Conflict Management,” 2005.
741. Ibid.
742. Brookings/Bern, “Addressing Internal Displacement,” 2007.
743. IPA, “Housing, Land, Property and Conflict Management,” 2005.
744. Fitzpatrick, “Land Policy,” 2002.
745. Ibid.
746. Brookings/Bern, “Addressing Internal Displacement,” 2007.
747. Fitzpatrick, “Land Policy,” 2002.
748. Ibid.
749. Brookings/Bern, “Addressing Internal Displacement,” 2007.
750. Ibid.
751. Fitzpatrick, “Land Policy,” 2002.
752. Ibid.
753. Ibid.
754. UNHCR, “Framework for Durable Solutions,” 2003.
755. Ibid.
756. UNHCR, Handbook for Emergencies, 2000.
757. Brookings/Bern, “Addressing Internal Displacement,” 2007.
758. Petrin, “Refugee Return,” 2002.
759. UNHCR, “Framework for Durable Solutions,” 2003.
760. Fitzpatrick, “Land Policy,” 2002.
761. Petrin, “Refugee Return,” 2002.
762. Stein, “Refugee Repatriation,” 1997.
763. Ibid.
764. Petrin, “Refugee Return,” 2002.
765. Brookings/Bern, “Addressing Internal Displacement,” 2007.
766. UNHCR, “Framework for Durable Solutions,” 2003.
767. “Reconciliation” is a term widely used but rarely defined in this context and with few literal translations in other languages. For the purposes of this manual, reconciliation will be treated as a process that occurs on many levels at once—personal and societal, legal, political, and economic.
768. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Reconciliation: Development Assistance Committee Issues Brief, 2005. Hereafter: OECD, Reconciliation, 2005.
769. United States Agency for International Development, Community-Based Development in Conflict-Affected Areas:
An Introductory Guide for Programming, 2007. Hereafter: USAID, Community-Based Development, 2007.
770. Judy Barsalou and Victoria Baxter, The Urge to Remember (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Institute of Peace, 2007). Hereafter: Barsalou/Baxter, The Urge to Remember, 2007.
771. The definitions of vertical social capital (“relations between state, market, and civil society”) and horizontal
social capital (“the nurturing of trust and civic engagement among like and diverse groups”) can be found in World Bank, Violent Conflict and the Transformation of Social Capital: Lessons from Cambodia, Rwanda, Guatemala, and Somalia, 2000. Hereafter: WB, Violent Conflict, 2000.
772. Brookings Institution, Rethinking “Relief ” and “Development” in Transitions from Conflict, 1999. Hereafter:
Brookings, Rethinking Relief and Development, 1999.
773. OECD, “Reconciliation,” 2005. United States Agency for International Development, Promoting Social Reconciliation in Post-Conflict Societies, 1999. Hereafter: USAID, Promoting Social Reconciliation, 1999.
774. OECD, “Reconciliation,” 2005.
775. Ibid. USAID, “Promoting Social Reconciliation in Post-Conflict Societies,” 1999.
776. Rosalind Shaw, Rethinking Truth and Reconciliation Commissions. Lessons from Sierra Leone (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Institute of Peace, 2005. Hereafter: Shaw, Rethinking Truth and Reconciliation, 2005.
777. USAID, “Promoting Social Reconciliation,” 1999.
778. Ibid.
779. Ibid.
780. Judy Barsalou, Trauma and Transitional Justice in Divided Societies (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Institute of Peace, 2005). Hereafter: Barsalou, “Trauma and Transitional Justice,” 2005.
781. Barsalou/Baxter, “The Urge to Remember,” 2007.
782. Barsalou, “Trauma and Transitional Justice,” 2005.
783. USAID, “Promoting Social Reconciliation,” 1999. Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), Reconciliation After Violent Conflict: A Handbook, 2003. Hereafter: IDEA, Reconciliation After Violent Conflict, 2003.
784. IDEA, “Reconciliation After Violent Conflict,” 2003.
785. USAID, “Promoting Social Reconciliation,” 1999.
786. IDEA, “Reconciliation After Violent Conflict,” 2003.
787. Ibid.
788. Grossmann, Georg and Hildegard Lingnau, Addressing the Past—Fostering Reconciliation (Berlin: Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit, 2003). Hereafter: Grossmann/Lingnau, Addressing the Past, 2003.
789. IDEA, “Reconciliation After Violent Conflict,” 2003.
790. Barsalou/Baxter, “The Urge to Remember, 2007. Ibid.
791. Ibid.
792. Shaw, “Rethinking Truth and Reconciliation,” 2005. IDEA, “Reconciliation After Violent Conflict,” 2003.
793. USAID, “Community-Based Development,” 2007.
794 115 Ibid.
795. USAID, “Promoting Social Reconciliation,” 1999.
796. Models for this approach include the Municipal Development and Citizen Participation Project (in El Salvador), the Community Assistance Program (in Iraq), Community Improvement Councils (in Kosovo), and the National Solidarity Program (in Afghanistan).
797. United States Agency for International Development, Office of Transition Initiatives, Guide to Program Options in Conflict-Prone Settings, 2001.
798. WB, “Violent Conflict,” 2000.
799. Ibid.
800. United States Agency for International Development, U.S. Foreign Aid: Meeting the Challenges of the Twenty-First Century, 2004.
801. Fiona Terry, Condemned to Repeat (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2002).
802. Brookings, “Rethinking Relief and Development,” 1999.
803. Ibid. UN WFP, Emergency Food Security Assessment Handbook, 2005.
804. Petrin, “Refugee Return,” 2002.
805. Parliament of Burundi, Inter-Parliamentary Union, and the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, “Summary and Recommendations Presented by the Rapporteur of the Seminar, Regional Seminar on the Role of Parliaments in the National Reconciliation Process in Africa,” 2005.
806. United States Institute of Peace, InterAction, United States Armed Forces, Guidelines for Relations Between the U.S. Armed Forces and Nongovernmental Humanitarian Organizations, 2007.
807. Brookings, “Rethinking Relief and Development, 1999.
808. WB, Reshaping the Future, 2005. UK DfID, “Education, Conflict, and International Development,” 2003.
809. UNESCO, “Education in Situations of Emergency,” 2003.
810. Ibid. UK DfID, “Education, Conflict, and International Development,” 2003.
811. WB, Reshaping the Future, 2005. UK DfID, “Education, Conflict, and International Development,” 2003.
812. UNHCR, “Framework for Durable Solutions,” 2003.
813. Fitzpatrick, “Land Policy,” 2002.
814. World Health Organization, Rapid Assessment of Mental Health Needs of Refugees, Displaced and Other Populations Affected by Conflict and Post-Conflict Situations, 2001.